practica 7 unix

Comando Explicación

say Convert text to audible speech

echo write arguments to the standard output

ls list directory contents

ls -l List in long format.

ls -F Display a slash (`/') immediately after each pathname that is a

directory, an asterisk (`*') after each that is executable, an at

sign (`@') after each symbolic link

ls -a Include directory entries whose names begin

with a dot (.)

cd shell built-in commands

cd .. / para acceder a un subdirectorio de nuestro mismo nivel.

cd x se va al nombre de la carpeta

cp copy files

cp -r

If source_file designates a directory, cp copies the directory and the entire subtree connected at that point. If the source_file ends in a /, the contents of the directory are copied rather than the directory itself. This option also causes symbolic links to be copied, rather than indirected through, and for cp to create spe- cial files rather than copying them as normal files. Created directories have the same mode as the corresponding source direc- tory, unmodified by the process' umask.

mv move files

rm remove directory entries

rmdir removes the directory entry specified by each directory argument,

provided it is empty.

mkdir creates the directories named as operands, in the order specified

chmod (modo simbólico) change file modes or Access Control Lists

pwd return working directory name

cal (con sus variantes)

displays a calendar and the date of easter

cal [-jy] [[month] year]

cal [-j] -m month [year] ncal [- jJpwy] [-s country_code] [[month] year]

ncal [-Jeo] [year]

2. Indica cuál es el comando de unix para:

Obtener la fecha del sistema:

date

Saber cuanto tiempo lleva encendido el sistema:

uptime

Conocer cuántos archivos o carpetas están el escritorio:

cd desktop

Copiar un archivo llamado recursos.txt que se encuentra en el home y se desea enviar la información a un directorio llamado practicas que esta dentro de otro directorio llamado clase2 y este a su ve esta dentro de otra carpeta llamado curso y que esa carpeta se encuentra en Documentos:

cp recursos.txt /Documentos/curso/clase2/practicas/

NAND Y NOR

La compuerta NAND es el complemento de la operación and. Su nombre es una pequeña abreviatura de NOT-AND. Se dice que estas compuertas sin universales ya que se puede representar cualquier operación lógica AND, OR y complemento.

Para facilitar la conversión a la lógica NAND conviene definir un símbolo gráfico.

El símbolo AND-inversión, consta de un símbolo gráfico and seguido de un círculo pequeño. El símbolo inversión or se apega al teorema de Morgan y a la conversión de que los cículos pequeños denotan complementación.

Cuando se combinan ambos símbolos en el mismo diagrama se dice que el circuito está en notación mixta

 

La compuerta NOR es el la abreviatura de Nor y or

Es la operacion contraria a NAND y son los duales

las compuertas NAND y NOR se utilzan ampliamente como compuertas lógicas estandar y de hecho son mas populares que las compuertas and y OR

Existen 17 deferentes entidades del algebra bouleana las cuales nos ayudan a identificar las ecuaciones o graficas bouleanas 9 de estas identidades muestran una relacion entre una variable x, su complemento x inversa y las constantes binarias 0 y 1. Cinco mas son similares al algebra binaria y otras 3 son muy utiles para la manipulacion de expreciones bouleanas. 

Dentro de las identidades tenemos dualidad esto se obtiene intercambiando operaciones or y and, asi como al remplzar 1 x 0.

Las leyes conutativas indican que el orden de las variables no afectan el resultado cuando se utilizan operaciones or y and .

Las leyes asociativas postilan que el resultado de formar una operacion entre 3 variables es independiente al orden que se siga, por lo tanto pueden eliminarce sin exepcion todos los parentesis.

Tambien se suele ocupar el teorema DeMorgan el cual es muy imortante ya que acplicaopercaciones para obtener el complemento de una exprecion. El teoremaDeMorgan se puede verificar por medio de la tabla de verdad que asignan todos los valores a x  y  a y 

Compuertas lógicas y álgebra booleana

Son componentes de hardware

Los circuitos se construyen con partes electrónicas como transistores, diodos y resistores. Cada circuito recibe el nombre de compuerta, la cual realiza una operación lógica establecida; y la salida de una compuerta se puede aplicar a la entradas de otra compuerta para formar el circuito digital requerido.

Para describir las propiedades operacionales de los circuitos digitales, es necesario presentar el sistema matemático llamado "álgebra booleana", en honor del matemático George Boole, que especifica la operación de cada compuerta.

El álgebra booleana se usa para describir la interconexión de compuertas digitales y para transformar diagramas de circuitos en expresiones algebraicas.

LÓGICA BINARIA

Tiene que ver con dos valores discretos y con operaciones con un significado lógico. Los dos valores que toman las variables.

AND se representa con un punto o por la ausencia de un operador.

XY= Z  Z=1 <==> X=1, Y=1

OR (+)

x+y=z (X o Y es igual a Z)

NOT

Complemento, cambia 1 por 0 y 0 por 1 (¬0 = 1)

COMPUERTAS LÓGICAS

Operan con 1 o más señales de entrada para producir una señal de salida.

 

comandos básicos para configurar un router

Router Commands Overview

In this section you will learn about the router commands, configurations, privileged mode commands, routing protocols, cisco labs and network configurations.

There are hundreds of basic and advance level commands of a router. It is not easy to remember all the commands. But some commands are frequently used and can be remembered with some practice. I have provided a list of the most commonly used commands based on their features and usage.

You will find here some basic terminology of a router.

Routing: Routing is a process of moving the data (packets) through an inter network. Routing performs the two basic tasks. Define the paths for a packet and then forward the packets on the basis of defined paths. Routing can also be defined as the communication between two or more logically and physical networks and this communication (packet transfer) is brought by a router.

First of all you should remember the keyboard shortcuts of a router.

Keyboard Shortcuts
CTRL-N - show next command
CTRL-P - show previous command
SHIFT-CTRL-6 – Break

Configuring the Router

You will be able to learn the basic commands for configuring a router.
sh running-config - details the running configuration file (RAM)
sh startup-config - displays the configuration stored in NVRAM
setup - Will start the the automatic setup; the same as when you first boot the router
config t - use to execute configuration commands from the terminal
config mem - executes configuration commands stored in NVRAM; copies startup-config to running-config

config net - used to retrieve configuration info from a TFTP server
copy running-config startup-config - copies saved config in running config (RAM) to NVRAM or "write memory" for IOS under ver.11
copy startup-config running-config - copies from non-volatile (NVRAM) to current running config (RAM)
boot system flash - tells router which IOS file in flash to boot from
boot system tftp - tells router which IOS file on the tftp server to boot from
boot system rom - tell router to boot from ROM at next boot
copy flash tftp - Copies flash to tftp server
copy tftp flash - Restores flash from tftp server
copy run tftp - Copies the current running-config to tftp server
copy tftp run - Restores the running-config from tftp server

General Commands

Here is a list of the general commands. These are the basic level commands and most commonly used
no shutdown - (enables the interface)
reload - restarts the router
sh ver - Cisco IOS version, uptime of router, how the router started, where system was loaded from, the interfaces the POST found, and the configuration register
sh clock - shows date and time on router
sh history - shows the history of your commands
sh debug - shows all debugging that is currently enabled
no debug all - turns off all debugging
sh users - shows users connected to router
sh protocols - shows which protocols are configured
banner motd # Your customized message here # - Set/change banner
hostname - use to configure the hostname of the router
clear counters - clear interface counters

Privileged Mode commands of a router

Learn how to work in the privileged mode of a router.
enable - get to privileged mode
disable - get to user mode
enable password - sets privileged mode password
enable secret - sets encrypted privileged mode password
Setting Passwords on router
Here you will be able to learn how to set the password on a router.
enable secret - set encrypted password for privileged access
enable password - set password for privileged access (used when there is no enable secret and when using older software)
Setting the password for console access:
(config)#line console 0
(config-line)#login
(config-line)#password
Set password for virtual terminal (telnet) access (password must be set to access router through telnet):
(config)#line vty 0 4
(config-line)#login
(config-line)#password
Set password for auxiliary (modem) access:
(config)#line aux 0
(config-line)#login
(config-line)#password

Router Processes & Statistics

By these command you can see the statistics and different processes of the router.
sh processes - shows active processes running on router
sh process cpu - shows cpu statistics
sh mem - shows memory statistics
sh flash - describes the flash memory and displays the size of files and the amount of free flash memory
sh buffers - displays statistics for router buffer pools; shows the size of the Small, Middle, Big, Very Big, Large and Huge Buffers
sh stacks - shows reason for last reboot, monitors the stack use of processes and interrupts routines

IP Commands

Here is a list of the IP Commands
Configure IP on an interface:
int serial 0
ip address 157.89.1.3 255.255.0.0
int eth 0
ip address 2008.1.1.4 255.255.255.0

Other IP Commands:

sh ip route - view ip routing table
ip route [administrative_distance] - configure a static IP route
ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 - sets default gateway
ip classless - use with static routing to allow packets destined for unrecognized subnets to use the best possible route
sh arp - view arp cache; shows MAC address of connected routers
ip address 2.2.2.2 255.255.255.0 secondary - configure a 2nd ip address on an interface
sh ip protocol

CDP Commands (Cisco Discovery Protocol uses layer 2 multicast over a SNAP-capable link to send data):

sh cdp neighbor - shows directly connected neighbors
sh cdp int - shows which interfaces are running CDP
sh cdp int eth 0/0 - show CDP info for specific interface
sh cdp entry - shows CDP neighbor detail
cdp timer 120 - change how often CDP info is sent (default cdp timer is 60)
cp holdtime 240 - how long to wait before removing a CDP neighbor (default CDP holdtime is 180)
sh cdp run - shows if CDP turned on
no cdp run - turns off CDP for entire router (global config)
no cdp enable - turns off CDP on specific interface

IPX Commands

Enable IPX on router:
ipx routing
Configure IPX + IPX-RIP on an int:
int ser 0
ipx network 4A

Other Commands:

sh ipx route - shows IPX routing table
sh ipx int e0 - shows ipx address on int
sh ipx servers - shows SAP table
sh ipx traffic - view traffic statistics
debug ipx routing activity - debugs IPS RIP packets
debug ipx sap - debugs SAP packets

Routing Protocols

RIP, IGPR and OSPF are the routing protocols and here is a list of the commands for the working on the routing protocols.
Configure RIP:
router rip
network 157.89.0.0
network 208.1.1.0
Other RIP Commands:
debug ip rip - view RIP debugging info
Configure IGRP:
router IGRP 200
network 157.89.0.0
network 208.1.1.0
Other IGRP Commands:
debug ip igrp events - view IGRP debugging info
debug ip igrp transactions - view IGRP debugging info
Access Lists
Here is a list of the Access list command of a router.
sh ip int ser 0 - use to view which IP access lists are applies to which int
sh ipx int ser 0 - use to view which IPX access lists are applies to which int
sh appletalk int ser 0 - use to view which AppleTalk access lists are applies to which int
View access lists:
sh access-lists
sh ip access-lists
sh ipx access-lists
sh appletalk access-lists
Apply standard IP access list to int eth 0:
access-list 1 deny 200.1.1.0 0.0.0.255
access-list 1 permit any
int eth 0
ip access-group 1 in
Apply Extended IP access list to int eth 0:
access-list 100 deny tcp host 1.1.1.1 host 2.2.2.2 eq 23
access-list 100 deny tcp 3.3.3.0 0.0.0.255 any eq 80
int eth 0
ip access-group 100 out
Apply Standard IPX access list to int eth 0:
access-list 800 deny 7a 8000
access-list 800 permit -1
int eth 0
ipx access-group 800 out
Apply Standard IPX access list to int eth 0:
access-list 900 deny sap any 3378 -1
access-list 900 permit sap any all -1
int eth 0
ipx access-group 900 out

WAN Configurations Commands

Networking over WAN is the main functionality of a router. The most common use of a router is for the WAN connectivity. Here is a list of the commands for the different methods of the WAN connectivity.

PPP Configuration

Point to point protocol is a method for the WAN connectivity and you will find here some commands of PPP.
encapsulation pppppp authentication
ppp chap hostname
ppp pap sent-username
sh int ser 0 - use to view encapsulation on the interface

Frame-Relay Configuration

One of the methods for the WAN connectivity is the Frame Relay. Find here some basic commands for the WAN connectivity through Frame Relay.
encapsulation frame-relay ietf - use IETF when setting up a frame-relay network between a Ciscorouter and a non-Cisco router
frame-relay lmi-type ansi - LMI types are Cisco, ANSI, Q933A; Cisco is the default; LMI type is auto-sensed in IOS v11.2 and up
frame-relay map ip 3.3.3.3 100 broadcast - if inverse ARP won't work, map Other IP to Your DLCI # (local)
keep alive 10 - use to set keep alive
sh int ser 0 - use to show DLCI, LMI, and encapsulation info
sh frame-relay pvc - shows the configured DLCI's; shows PVC traffic stats
sh frame-relay map - shows route mapssh frame-relay lmi - shows LMI info

Miscellaneous Commands

In the last but not least here is a list of the some miscellaneous and useful commands
sh controller t1 - shows status of T1 lines
sh controller serial 1 - use to determine if DCE or DTE device
(config-if)#clock rate 6400 - set clock on DCE (bits per second)
(config-if)#bandwidth 64 - set bandwidth (kilobits)

Sistema Octal

de decimal a binario

Los digitos del 0 al 7 pueden contruirse a partir de números binarios agrupando cada 3 dígitos consecutivosde derecha a izquierda y obteniendo su valor decimal.

74(10) 2 1 / 4 2 1 / 4 2 1
0 1 / 0 0 1 / 0 1 0

1 1 2

En informática a veces se utiliza la numeración octal ya que tiene la ventaja de que no requieroi otros simbolos diferentes de los digitos.

Sistema Binario

Sistema de numeracion el cual se utiliza solamente las cifras 1 y 0 para representar todos los numeros. Para las computadoras que trabajan con 2 niveles de voltaje, este es su sistema natural ya que 0 significa apagado y 1 encendido.